The Solution to Pakistan’s Problems

We all know what is wrong with Pakistan. We all read the newspapers every day. We watch TV, we watch the anchors and the video clips, we listen to the radio, and with a straight face, we acknowledge that we have become immune to violence, to hatred, to inequality, to greed, and to whatever happens to Pakistan.

If you’re really not concerned or bothered about it, and would rather do something else, now is the time that you stop reading this, because it really isn’t worth your while. But if you do care, and if you do want to do something about it, but don’t know what to do or how to do it, just take a little bit of time out and listen to what I have to say. The choice is yours, but the right to know is yours as well.

Yes, there are many problems with Pakistan, and nobody knows where to start from or where to pick up. But instead of talking about what’s wrong with Pakistan, shouldn’t we be talking about how we fix it? Everyone says there’s a war being fought against us – some say it’s the Taliban, some say its America, others say it’s the mullah’s, and so on. Well, if it is a war according to that narrative, then we do need to fight a war against Pakistan’s problems, but how many wars can we fight? Do we pick up arms and fight the Taliban? Or do we join the Taliban and fight America, in Afghanistan or like Faisal Shahzad in New York? What good does protesting do if you do not get your voice heard in the end? Do numbers in the street matter when you give a speech and go home, but do not achieve anything substantive or cogent from the common platform that you all stand for and believe in?

Yes. We need to fight a war against all of Pakistan’s problems. One war that we need to fight is against apathy. And that is the biggest war we must fight. Why do we not care? We must care. If we feel sad or depressed, then we must do something about it so that it does not keep happening to us; call it survival if not altruism. We cannot sit idly by and watch our nation spiral down into further depths of chaos and anarchy. But what do we do? Do we join the police or army? Or do we join the Taliban and Al Qaeda? Do we join those who are protesting every day out in the streets, on one issue or the other? We might think of all of this, in the comfort of our drawing room, and then just move to the TV or read something on the internet. Or go out to have a cup of coffee, meet with friends, drive around, do something interesting, get tired, go to sleep, and live another day.

If you are still reading this right now, know that you are responsible for this country’s problems if you don’t do anything about it. Whenever you stop acting like a citizen of Pakistan, you do this country so much harm that it becomes hopeless for other citizens of Pakistan to live or survive. And there is a way to make amends for it. There is a way to actually undo the wrongs, the mistakes, the grievances of the past sixty-three years.

If Pakistan is your country, if you really feel for it beyond an national identity card or a passport, then own up to it – to its mistakes and to its greatness. Become its engine of change. Bring positive and meaningful change, and stop waiting for it. Stop being concerned – start being responsible. And it’s not that difficult, and if you really are worried about Pakistan and want to help change it for the better, then you won’t have to change much yourself – you will just have to become, for lack of a better term, more productive. And others who are already being responsible, or want to be responsible, will join you. If you don’t believe me, you should listen to Allama Muhammad Iqbal who said har fard hai millat ke muqaddar ka sitara; each citizen is the shining star of the nation’s destiny.

So stop cribbing about hopelessness and despair. Stop being apathetic. BE the change you want to see. Bring positive and meaningful change through democratic means, and silence all those here and abroad who say that Pakistan is a failed state. It does not matter who you vote for, as long as you vote and make your voice heard. Your political opinion does not matter in your drawing room – and contrary to popular opinion, it may matter even less on your blog – but on the ballot paper, your political opinion is your exercise in charting out the destiny of your country. It is both your privilege and your responsibility – in a democracy, the citizens rule, but if the citizens are not responsible or capable to rule, then the system falls apart. And we all see that it has.

Despite our better judgment, we have made this mistake again, and again, and again. This has happened in all elections that Pakistan has experienced – most of them have been labeled as rigged, while the one in 2008 had high hopes, but ended up with results that also accounted for 46% bogus votes in the final tally. The citizens of Pakistan are capable to rule themselves – if they were not, sovereignty would have no point in our country, and some already believe it doesn’t – but in order to properly exercise this capability, the citizens of Pakistan must be responsible about electing their leaders and representatives. To do this, they must vote responsibly – because someone who has come to power without your vote (whether it is a general or a politician) will not be accountable to you in any way. Pakistan must prepare for elections in late 2012, or early 2013. Or even before that. The timing of the election matters very little – what matters is the result, and what matters even more is that if it reflects the general will of the people of Pakistan. How must Pakistan prepare for this? By being aware about the political system of the country and of the political options available in any given electoral situation. Since education has suffered immensely in Pakistan, even electoral knowledge in the voting populating is found wanting. Constituents must responsibly elect their representatives, and they must know how to be responsible during election campaigns as well as during voting procedures. Bringing change by the ballot is the only chance Pakistan has; change by the bullet is something the residents of Swat would repeatedly warn you about.

It is time for you to become responsible; responsible about Pakistan, responsible about its problems, responsible about what you can do about it, responsible about actually doing something about it, and by doing so, encouraging others to be responsible in the smallest ways that they can. Once we are able to understand how to convert our concerns and depressions into innovative ideas and solutions, we can share these small solutions to help our communities deal with bigger problems. For Pakistan right now, community mobilization is the most important element of recovering a national and local ethos that is becoming victim to suspicion, mistrust, and other social impediments. Communities must become aware of their living environments, and they must responsibly handle the problems that they and their neighbors face. This cannot happen in a day, but for it to succeed, it must continue to happen every day, and you must do your part for your community even if others don’t. And when it is time for you to decide who gets to govern us and determine the future of our country, make sure you vote, and vote responsibly.

The future of Pakistan depends on it.

Pakistan Traffic Problem

Traffic Problem in Pakistan is getting worse with every coming day specially in big cities like Karachi , Lahore, Rawalpindi , Islamabad, Quetta, Peshawar and Hyderabad. Government is doing very little efforts to avoid traffic jams and other traffic problems in pakistan. Following the major causes of traffic problems and their solutions.






Causes of Traffic Problem in Pakistan

1. Small roads for the number of cars and motor cycles.
2. Broken roads – as people don’t like to move from the broken part so traffic increases on rest of the road.
3. More cars due to bank financing . Now everyone can afford a car so more cars are there on the road.
4. Old cars and trucks. Government don’t have a clear policy about old cars and trucks. Even 50 years old cars are still running on roads.
5. Lack of traffic sense amongst the people. People dont have traffic sense. Traffic police and media should play their role in creating traffic sense amongst the people.
6. Corruption amongst the traffic police in Pakistan. People know that if they will break the law they will easily be released by giving few rupees to the police man.


Solutions to Traffic Problems in Pakistan

1. Make the conditions of roads good , Make more lanes on the road and making alternative routes.
2. Create traffic awareness amongst the people though media and other sources.
3. Inter cities trains in big cities like Lahore ,Karachi and Rawalpindi can lessen the traffic problem to a great deal.
4. Different timing of starting and closings of offices and schools to avoid the rush in the morning , afternoon and evening on roads.
5. Make strict laws make them force able through traffic police.
6. Old cars should be scrapped and bank financing should be for commercial cars only.

Education Problems and their Solutions of Pakistan

Education is considered as the cheapest defence of a nation. But the down trodden condition of education in Pakistan bears an ample testimony of the fact that it is unable to defend its own sector. Though 62 years have been passed and 23 policies and action plans have been introduced yet the educational sector is waiting for an arrival of a saviour. The government of Pervaiz Musharraf invested heavily in education sector and that era saw a visible positive educational change in Pakistani society. Now a days, the economic situation in Pakistan is under stress and education is the worse effected sector in Pakistan. The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan says,

“The state of Pakistan shall remove illiteracy and provide free and compulsory secondary education within minimum possible period.”

In Human development Report Pakistan is placed at 136th position for having just 49.9% educated populace. The primary completion rate in Pakistan, given by Date Center of  UNESCO, is 33.8% in females and 47.18% in males, which shows that people in the 6th largest country of the world are unable to get the basic education. Following are the problems of education in Pakistan. Firstly, the educational system of Pakistan is based on unequal lines. Medium of education is different in both, public and private sector. This create a sort of disparity among people, dividing them into two segments.Secondly, regional disparity is also a major cause. The schools in Balochistan(The Largest Provice Of Pakistan By Area) are not that much groomed as that of Punjab (The Largest Provice Of Pakistan By Population). In FATA, the literacy rate is deplorable constituting 29.5% in males and 3% in females.Thirdly, the ratio of gender discrimination is a cause which is  projecting the primary school ratio of boys & girls which is 10:4 respectively. For the last few years there has been an increase in the growth of private schools. That not only harms the quality of education but create a gap among haves and have nots. Fourthly, the lack of technical education is a biggest flaw in the educational policy that has never been focused before. Therefore, less technical people means less . Fifthly, the allocation of funds for education are very low. It is only 1.5 to 2.0 percent of the total GDP. It should be around 7% of the total GDP. Sixthly, the teachers in government schools are not well trained. People who donot get job in any other sector, they try their luck in educational system. They are not professionally trained teachers so they are unable to train a nation. Finally, Poverty is also another factor that restrict the parents to send their children to public or private schools. So, they prefer to send their children to madressahs where education is totally free.

Recently, minister of education announced a new Education policy for that next 10 years. The interesting thing is that the previous educational policy from 1998 to 2010 is still not expired. Although it is projected to give new plans and to make more promises with the nation. It is said in this policy that all the public schools will be raised upto the level of private schools. No plan of action have been discussed, yet a notice is issued to private schools to induct government course in 5th and 8th class and these classes will bound to take board exams. This disturbed the students of private sector also.

Solutions for Educational System: Estimating the value of education, the Government should take solid steps on this issue. Implementation instead of projecting policies, should be focused on. Allocation of funds should be made easy from provinces to districts and then to educational institutes. Workshops must be arranged for teachers. Foreign states are using LSS system. This should be inducted in Pakistani schools to improve the hidden qualities of children.Technical education must be given to all the classes. The education board of Punjab have projected a plan to give tech- education to the children of industrial workers. Promotion of the primary education is the need of time. Teachers, professors and educationists should be consulted while devising any plan, syllabus or policy. The state seems to give up her responsibility and totally relying on private sector. The need of time is to bring education in its original form to masses. Burdening a students with so much books will not work as he will not understand what the world is going to do next moment. Education is the only cure of the destability in the state and can bring revolution through evolution, by eradicating the social evils. This is how to remove illiteracy in Pakistan.

Agriculture Problems in Pakistan And Their Solutions

Economy of every state depends on three sectors i.e agriculture, industry and commerce. These three are interrelated with each other as the progress or retrogress of one sector effects the other two. Pakistan is an agricultural state thus agriculture gains are of much importance than any other sector. Importance of this sector is manifold as it feeds people, provides raw material for industry and is a base for foreign trade. Foreign exchange earned from merchandise exports is 45% of total exports of Pakistan. It contributes 26% of GDP and 52% of the total populace is getting its livelihood from it. 67.5% people are living in the rural ares of Pakistan and are directly involved in it. There are two crops in Pakistan ie Rabi & Kharif.

Crop |     Sowing season |     Harvesting season
Kharif    |    April – June         |      Oct – Dec
Rabi       |    Oct – Dec               |       April – May

Major crops of Pakistan are wheat, rice, maize, cotton and sugar cane. These major crops contributed 7.7%  last year against the set target of 4.5%. Minor crops are canola, onions, mangoes and pulses which contributed 3.6% as there was no virus attack last year. Fishery and Forestry contributes 16.6% and 8.8% respectively.
Though the agricultural sector is facing problems in Pakistan yet the major chunk of money comes from this sector. Following are the major causes of agricultural problems in Pakistan which disturb the agricultural growth or development in Pakistan.
Firstly,No mechanism has been adopted to eradicate the soil erosion and even after harvesting nothing is done to improve or restore the soil energy. Therefore, the fertility of soil is decreasing day by day. The thickness of fertile layer of soil in Pakistan is more than 6 inches but the average yield is lower than other countries where layer of fertile soil is only 4 inches.
Secondly, water wastage is very high in our country. The archaic method of flood irrigation is still in practice in whole of the country which wastes almost 50 to 60 percent of water. A new irrigation system called drip irrigation system has been introduced in many parts of the world. This not only saves water but also gives proper quantity of water according to the needs of plants.
Thirdly,owing old methods of cultivation and harvesting, Pakistan has low yield per acre that means the average crop in Pakistan is just 1/4th of that of advance states. Where as Nepal, India and Bangladesh are using modern  scientific methods to increase their yield per acre. For this purpose, these states are using modern machines to improve their yield.
Fourthly, the small farmers are increasing in our country as the lands are dividing generation by generation. So, there are large number of farmers who own only 4 acres of land. These small farmers do not get credit facilities to purchase seeds, pesticides, fertilizers etc. Additionally, a large area of land is owned by feudals and the farmers who work on their lands, are just tenants. This uncertain situation of occupancy neither creates incentive of work nor does attract capital investment.
Fifthly,water logging and salinity is increasing day by day. No effective measures have been taken to curb it. As the storage capacity of the dams is decreasing so the water availability per acre is also decreasing. Therefore, the farmers are installing more and more tube wells to irrigate their crops. This is why salinity is becoming the major issue in most parts of Punjab and Sindh.
Sixthly,focusing more on land, crops and yield problems the man behind the plough is always ignored. While formulating the 5 or 10 years plan, no emphasize has been laid on the importance of solving the problems of farmers. Most of the farmers are illiterate, poor and ignorant. In this wake the loans issued by ADBP or other banks are used by them in other fields like repayment of debts, marriage of daughters etc, in spite of its befitting use in agricultural sector.
Lastly, The only mean of communication in rural areas is T.V or radio so it is urgently needed on the part of these mass communication resources to air the programmes related to the new agricultural techniques and allied sciences. But these programmes should be telecast in regional or local languages. Because lack of guidance is the main reason of farmers backwardness. The communication gap between well qualified experts and simple farmers have not been bridged. Availability of these experts is not ensured in rural areas as they are reluctant to go there.
Pakistan is rich in fertile land yet the land is being wasted in different ways. 79.6% million hectors of land is culturable where as only 20.43% million hectors is cultivated. The reason can be described in two points.

1. A major area is owned by feudals. It is difficult to manage such a huge area so only that part is cultivated which is easy to manage, the rest is left ignored.
2. The rise of industrialization has given threat to this sector. People are migrating to cities and cities are expanding, thus new towns and colonies are constructed on fertile lands.

The irrigation system of Pakistan needs improvement as about 67% of the land is irrigated with canals.
Apart form these issues the monopoly of Foreign Big Wigs and false policies of government cannot be ignored.
Monopoly Of Foreign Companies:The pesticides companies are sorting partnership with “World Bank”. These companies are selling adulterated but expensive pesticides to a poor farmer thus leaving him helpless. These pesticides are not only hazardous for health but also a filling the pockets of companies. By moving according to world bank these companies are gaining their own aims. Moreover there is a conflict of interests. It is not ensured that either the company conducting agreement is basically trying to get access to international market or just working according to their aims.
91% of genetically engineered (GE) seeds is made and owned by one US Company called Monsanto. The vast majority of consumers around the world are against GE foods and crop as GE has been associated with health risks, loss of biodiversity, increased use of toxic weed killers and other environmental problems. 85% of GE crops are concentrated in just 3 countries i-e United States, Argentina and Canada. Globally G.E crops cover less than one percent of arable land. Farmer around the world have experienced problems with Monsanto’s BT cotton.    Researchers from Cornell University reported that Chinese GM cotton farmers are losing money due to secondary pests. After seven years, populations of other insects such as mi rids, have increased so much that farmers are now having to spray their crops up to 20 times per season to control them, according to the study of 481 Chinese farmers in five major cotton producing provinces.
This cotton seed does not show any resistance against virus attacks and needs 8 months to give yield thus no other crop can be cultivated on that land. This seed of cotton needs more water. Therefore, Pakistan has asked Monsanto to provide seeds which consume less water as Pakistan is moving towards the abyss of water shortage. It is a notorious organization that took the farmers to courts many times as it did not give ownership right to farmers to preserve seed. Even the seed of harvested crop cannot be used again for cultivation. Monopoly of Monsanto is clear when it is selling seed at RS 1700 per kg to Pakistan and RS 700 per kg to India. Glaringly, the Indian ministry of health asking to ban B.T cotton seed whereas in Kerala & Orrisa it is already banned. Not to ignore the gloomy side of this organization is that in the Vietnam where it provided “Agent Orange” dioxin bomb to U.S that is responsible for sever skin and genetic diseases.
Non-comprehensice Policies Of Pakistan:18 billion in budget was allocated for agricultural sector of Pakistan but the withdrawal of subsidy on pesticides and electricity on the conditions of IMF has done serious damage to this sector. Whereas America and European Union are giving a huge amount of subsidy to their farmers and that is a greatest hurdle in the implementation of W.T.O rules. Additionally, price policy is very weak. In Punjab sugar cane is sold 200 Rs. per 40 kilograms. It was purchased and later on stocked by Industrialist in their stores. When Brazil bought sugarcane from International Market and prices become high, the Pakistan sugar mills owners projected demand of selling sugar at high prices, thus Pakistan faced sugar crisis. Then Pakistan had to import Sugar at high prices therefore, the prices of sugar went high in local markets.
Solutions For Agricultural Problems In Pakistan:

1. Feudalism should be abolished and lands should be allotted to poor farmers. This will enhance the productivity and per acre yield of all the crops in Pakistan. Taxes should be levied on Agricultural income but not without devising limit of land holding. Other wise it would directly effect poor farmers.
2. Federal Seed Certification and Federal Seed Registration is approved but it should taken responsible steps in approving seeds as it has already approved 36 new kinds of seeds. Specially, those seeds should be banned which can create pest problem in near future. These seeds are of cotton mainly. International seed makers are providing those seeds which are not successful in our country as these seeds are not tested on our soil.
3. A new Agricultural policy must be framed in which following steps should be focussed on.
   -    Small farmer must be focused. The major problems of small farmers should be solved first.
   -   Consumer friendly policy must be projected.
   -   Productivity enhancement programme must be constituted to adjust and support prices.
   -    Different Agricultural zones should be introduced. As Multan in famous for its Mangoes and citrus fruits so it must be made Mango, citrus zone by which Perishable products should be exported. This would enhance agro based industry and increase foreign reserves. Pakistan Agricultural storage & Services Corporation needs to take steps in this regard.
   -    Corporate farming like giving lands to Mitehels, Nestle and Multinational companies is also a good idea that will also help those who own a large area of fertile land but can’t manage it.
   -    Surplus vegetables and fruits must be exported. A Rs 39 million scheme has been approved for the current fiscal year for establishment of agro export processing zone for fruits, vegetables and flowers. This will also help in commercializing agriculture
   -    Latest mechinery should be provided to the farmers to increase the per acre yield. This provision should be on easy installments so that the farmers can avoid the burden of loans. If possible subsidy should be given by the government of modern machinery.-    Modern techniques of irrigation can solve the problems of irrigation in Pakistan. This includes drip irrigation and sprinkle irrigation methods. By using this technique the farmers can save a huge some of money which he pays for irrigation through tubewells and tracktors.-     More dams should be constructed on Indus, Jehlum and Chenab rivers. This will enhance the storage capacity of water and reduce the per acre cost of all the crops. This step will also reduce the salinity chances of the lands as less tubewell water will be flooded to the lands which cause salinity..

Disastrous Flood in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

An emergency situation has developed in the country as the second spell of monsoon rains in various parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in the northwest of Pakistan, results in devastating flood in various rivers. Torrential rains, flash floods, lightning and collapsed houses killed nearly 150 people and left several thousands stranded and uprooted more than 100,000 people in last few days.

According to Mr. Qamar Zaman, Director General Meteorological Department Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province received between 250 mm and 300 mm of rain in the past 36 hours the highest figure recorded ever in the area in last 35 years and still expected to raise. Dozens of bridges, roads and houses have been washed away.

Footage on Duniya TV showed two elderly men in the Peshawar area, clinging to a fence post as a raging torrent swept over their heads. Dozens of people were still believed missing, so the overall death toll was expected to rise.

Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA) has issued Rs1 million emergency relief fund to 10 districts of the province, besides relief items earlier this week.

According to Reuters, Pakistan government says it will give out 1200 tents, 800 blankets and 2400 plastic mats. Government has deployed teams that can meet food and health needs for the next three months. But rescue and relief efforts are inadequate at this point of time. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa including Peshawar almost all the cellular networks and to some extent the PTCL landlines are not working.

Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Information Minister, Mian Iftikhar has appealed the federal and provincial governments to provide support for the people stranded in floods. There is a fear that Water-borne diseases would break out in affected areas. Rains have also caused waterways to swell in northern areas while flooding has been reported in some southern Punjab districts. The water level in the Nullah Lai has increased up to 21 feet alarming level causing fear of flood in Rawalpindi too.

The enduring rain and bad weather are also suspected factors in yesterday’s plane crash in Margalla hills that killed all 152 passengers and crew on board.

Harsh Winter Awaits Pakistan Flood Victims

More than four months after the floods, more than 10 million are still receiving daily emergency assistance and nearly 7 million remain without adequate shelter.

The aid agency Save the Children has warned that freezing winter conditions in flood-affected areas pose a fresh risk to flood victims, especially children. ”This must not become a forgotten emergency, especially now as children could die due to cold-related illnesses like pneumonia,” said Mike Penrose, Save the Children’s director of emergency response.

”More children will die in the flood areas if they don’t get the appropriate treatment in time. We are already seeing an increasing number of chest infection cases. The immediate need is to ensure people can keep warm and have proper shelter.”

Even before the floods hit, about 85,000 children died from pneumonia each year in Pakistan. This winter millions of children will be forced to live in the open, or in tents, with little or no access to healthcare, and this could fuel the spread of pneumonia respiratory disease. In mountainous parts of northern Pakistan, hard hit by flooding, temperatures are already falling below freezing.

Aid workers are mystified by the scanty public response to the floods and warn that a lack of resources is hampering relief and rehabilitation work.

”People seem more interested in cricket scandals, terrorism and WikiLeaks, so I fear it’s going to take something catastrophic [to gain world attention],” Khurram Masood, from Save the Children in Pakistan, told the Herald.

Fahmida Ghancha, mother of six, is one of the tens of thousands of Pakistani flood victims who will spend winter in makeshift tents.

She says she can’t go home because there is still five feet of water in her village. Ghancha lives in Mehar, Dadu district in the southern Sindh province. Her home for now is the Shabaz relief camp at Hyderabad. She says she and her family were pressured to leave their shelter in a school so that classes could open.

“We have no blankets. We are dying of cold. We have no house, only these coverlets on which my children sleep,” said Ghancha.

Dengue and Floods because of Sins?

There is some speculation on blogs and social networking websites as to whether the floods and dengue are due to sins. I think it is ridiculous to say that they are a result of sins. Dengue is a result of an ineffective government which wasn’t prepared while the floods are a result of not having a proper drainage system.

What is due to sins, however, are leaders today. While they live in mansions of gold and have billions in their Swiss accounts, two thirds of the population lives on two dollars a day. Not to mention various other problems. The question is, why do we have such leaders? Let’s focus on our situation and our acts.

Suicide bombings, blasts, murder of journalists, butchering of minorities, black magic, gambling, child abuse, interest based transactions, fortune telling, mobile snatching, theft, fraud, murder, robbery, alcohol consumption oppression, destruction, molestation, abduction, fornication, exploitation, and it goes on. Look at the way we treat women. Domestic abuse, rape, dowry killings, acid attacks, human trafficking, honour killings, female foeticide, female infanticide, forced marriages, harassing women in public, turning wives into servants, depriving daughters of inheritance, etc, etc, etc. The list goes on and on. The list is endless.

People blame the government for being corrupt and yet take bribes. People blame leaders for not spending on education and yet can’t educate one poor child. People blame the government for not keeping the country clean and yet spit paan and urinate on sidewalks. People blame leaders for fake degrees and yet buy fake exam certificates. People blame leaders for their affairs and yet fornicate. People blame leaders for swindling the public and yet those with businesses cheat customers. People blame politicians for being liars and yet lie habitually. People blame the government for load shedding and yet have their meter reading altered to pay less for electricity. People blame the government for not spending on the poor and yet don’t do sadaqah and many don’t even pay zakat.

Even if we got good leaders, not everything will change. Will every husband suddenly become wonderful if we get good leaders? Will the way people treat women change if we get good leaders? Will people stop practicing black magic if we get good leaders. Will all the sects, the disunity, and the hatred among Muslims turn into love if we get good leaders? Will everyone stop lying, backbiting, and start praying daily if we get good leaders? Will every human being become generous and kind if we get good leaders? Will all the child abuse stop if we get good leaders? Will every youngster out there stop teasing and harassing girls if we get good leaders? Will children become obedient to their parents if we get good leaders? I can go on and on.

We need to change ourselves so that we can be blessed with leaders who will look after the affairs of the country.

Pakistan's other Problems

Many people blame Pakistan’s problems on poverty and lack of education. Others on the government. I blame it on the weakness of Eman. This is the root of all problems. This is where problems stem from.

Pakistan has drowned in sin. Pakistanis continue to lead a sedentary existence of listlessness, heedlessness, indulgence in luxuries and pleasures, false pride and vainglory, sin, crime and transgression, oppression and exploitation. They are involved in mutual hatred, enmity, embroiled against each other in court cases and law-suits and competing against each other they spend lavish and large sums of money, involving themselves at times in massive debts accompanied by hefty percentages of interest.

This is the reason Allah has appointed corrupt leaders. These leaders have been appointed due to sins. The only escape from them is through taubah and perfect obedience of Allah’s orders.

Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala said in the Quran – “Verily Allah does not change the condition of people unless they change it themselves.”

In a hadith Qudsi it is reported:

I am Allah, there is no deity besides Me, I am the king of kings and the master of kings, the heart of kings are within My control; when My servants are obedient to me, I make their rulers kind-hearted towards them; when they disobey Me, I turn their rulers against them with anger and tyranny, they then oppress them severely. Therefore, instead of cursing them, turn towards me in remembrance and submission, I will protect you against their tyranny.

Muslims face new problems and difficulties daily. Now and again, reports of untold oppression and barbarism against muslims are received. Their lives and property are destroyed and yet they keep indulging in sins.

Time and again, muslims are crushed by disasters and calamities and their laments, complaints and wailing never ends. When their shortcomings are pointed out to them, they remain ignorant. No one bothers to reform themselves. No one bothers to avoid those destructive sins and crimes that are the direct source of their misery and suffering.

History bears ample testimony to the fact that so long as the muslims continued to uphold the Quran and ahadith in their daily lives, empires crumbled at their feet. Small group of devout Muslims were sufficient to terrorize and demolish mighty forces. Emperors of superpowers trembled at the mere thought of muslims.

Yet these very victors of mighty empires, when they succumbed to comforts and luxuries, discarded the Quran and Hadith, resorted to oppression and cruelty, became power-drunk and arrogant and indulged openly in music, wine and women, fell from the glorious pinnacles of civilization and progress to the abyss of disgrace.

Industrial problems and their solutions

1. Low yield or production (raw material) - land reforms ,water management, agricultural development

2. Politicisation and nepotism- appointment on merits (plus on the basis of competence level)

3. Energy crisis- alternate sources etc

4. Declining foreign direct investment- improving law n order, curbing corruption

5. Poor management - Good governance 

6. Corruption - Accountability

7. Natural disaster - (decreases yield,destroys infrastructure)-curbing impacts of climate change

8. Technological backwardness- improving education and tech development

9. Circular debt - Improving taxation system ++

10. Political instability -hampers industrial growth, re-appointments, industry and economy are overshadowed by political dilemmas

11.Inconsistent policies - well planned , consistent policies

12. Issues of labour - 

13. Shortage of capital to install or maintain industries - numerous solutions to generate capital

14. Poor infrastructure

PAKISTAN’S WATER PROBLEMS: DO WE CARE ENOUGH TO ACT?

Water pollution, discharge of effluents and unsafe drinking water are factors among others that pose a threat to human wellbeing and Pakistan’s ecosystem. While some do not have water to drink, others waste it in vast quantities. Witness the women carrying water on their heads for miles in the scorching heat on one hand, and crops under flood irrigation and the cars of the rich being hosed down in the cities, on the other.

Pakistan, A Water-Scarce Country

An arid country, Pakistan depends heavily on annual glacier melts and monsoon rains. Water from these sources flows down the rivers and out to the sea. En route, there are seepages into the ground, where water-bearing rocks or aquifers absorb and store this water. Most parts of the country receive scant rainfall and have little or no access to surface water. Pakistan Water Partnership (PWP) states that in Pakistan the total available surface water is about 153 million acre feet (MAF) and the total ground water reserves are approximately 24 MAF, of which a substantial part has been mined without allowing for natural recharge. Currently estimated at 160 million, the population of Pakistan is set to double in 2.5 decades. This means that the per capita availability of water will decrease. There is likely to be a net decrease, rather than an increase in the country’s water resources, due to a number of factors including population growth, climate change, and exploitation of water.

By international standards, Pakistan was already a water-scarce country in 1992 at 1700m3 available per capita, according to UNFPA/Ministry of Population Welfare. By 2003, Pakistan’s per capita availability of water declined to the extent that it was categorized as a water-stress country by the World Bank, surpassing Ethiopia and on par with African countries such as Libya and Algeria. Pakistan is now a water-scarce country at 1200 m3 per capita per year.

According to water specialist Simi Kamal, based on current projections, water availability (per capita) will be 855m3 by the year 2020. We have already used up everything that exists in our water cycle and we do not have additional sources of water to mobilize. When we say we are putting up another dam or reservoir, it doesn’t necessarily mean there will be additional water coming in; we are just re-appropriating what’s already in the system.

Hrdro Problems

Our water resource base continues to be degraded because of pollution, atrophy, veruse of surface water and over-exploitation of groundwater. Large tracts of land have been rendered uncultivable due to water logging and salinity, direct results of mismanaged irrigation. Unsafe drinking water is responsible for numerous diseases including dysentery, diarrhea, typhoid, cholera, malaria and gastroenteritis. UNICEF estimates that 200,000 children in Pakistan die annually due to diarrhoeal diseases alone.

The Indus delta has been reduced to one partially active creek and there is no water flowing downstream of the Kotri Barrage for almost the entire year. Our mangrove forests, previously some of the largest in the world, have been reduced from 0.6 million acres to 0.25 million acres, said Simi Kamal and Jairath at the Asia Pacific Regional Consultation in Dhaka. The mix of sweet and sea water maintains a very critical balance in the coastlines. If that balance is destroyed, then the entire water system is affected and will, over time, be felt right up to the watersheds. Pakistan is dependent on a single river system and we cannot afford to take any more chances with the water/sediment/salt balance of the Indus Basin.

The Irrigation System of Pakistan

Pakistan has the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world. However, owing to the poor state of infrastructure, about two-thirds is lost due to poor transmission and seepage. This means that about 68 MAF is potentially usable water if the canal system is adequately repaired and maintained. Of the total sweet water availability of approximately 144 MAF, 97 percent is already used in agriculture. We have a situation where instead of improving farming methods to conserve water and increase productivity, agricultural landowners demand more water, only to maintain some of the lowest productivity rates in the world per unit of water and per unit of land.

All debates on water conservation, however, are cuffed by the constant refrain on dams and water sharing among provinces. Safeguards are needed.

The Solution?

The seeds of conflict on water in Pakistan, therefore, are sowed by nothing more than hydrology and this needs to be recognized. We cannot solve a very complex geographical, hydrological, economic and environmental problem through politicking. The discussion on water distribution, therefore, should be in relation to uses and users, not among political or administrative units. This means, a discussion in terms of head, middle and tail farmlands in irrigated areas; and in terms of water for survival, subsistence and pastoral livelihoods in non-irrigated areas. Rainfed and arid areas should also be a part of the debate on water equity and water use. In addition, uses of water other than agriculture – for domestic use, for industry, for urban areas, and for the environment – should all be incorporated for a robust water policy for Pakistan.

There is a need to recognize that just because certain water-related practices have gone on for centuries does not mean that they are allowed to continue in the face of a world in turmoil. We need to change the way we think about water, the way we use water and the way we dispose off wastewater.

A Collective Approach is Needed Individuals and corporate citizens must engage with decision-makers across the board regarding rational and responsible use of water. Industries, agricultural industries and corporations must move to pollution control, micro-irrigation, recycling and reuse of water on bigger scales. Once these can be demonstrated, only then can the gigantic problems of wastage through the irrigation system and through leakages in municipal water supply be taken up.
Our first hurdle is the unfortunate habit of laying everything at the door of “the government”. But what is this government? At the level of the home, you and I are the government; and at the level of a company or private enterprise, the heads are the government. The political process itself should hence be the will of the citizens. In the end, it is the amalgamation of policies, regulations, guidelines and actions that will help us solve water problems, which are likely to get more complicated due to climate change and environmental instability.

Social Problems and their Solutions

• 1. Social Problems of Pakistan and Their Solutions By Najmunnisa Siddiqui
• 2. Social Problems of Pakistan Poverty Illiteracy Terrorism Food and water crisis Population growth Poor health facilities Internal and international migration Discrimination of Sex democracy in shape of dictatorship unloyal leaders
• 3. Foregin debt Child labor Deviant behavior discourage the rules of law from government representatives inflation Injustice Smuggling Drug abuse
• 4. Illiteracy Introduction of the problem: Education is considered as the cheapest defense of a nation The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan says, “The state of Pakistan shall remove illiteracy and provide free and compulsory secondary education within minimum possible period.”
• 5. Contd…. Literacy rate: 49.9% educated populace ( Human development Report Pakistan) placed at 136th position for having just. The primary completion rate in Pakistan, given by Date Center of  UNESCO, is 33.8% in females and 47.18% in males, which shows that people in the 6th largest country of the world are unable to get the basic education
• 6. Reason : Unequal education system Different medium of instruction in Public and private sector Regional disparity (standard of education varies in different provinces of Pakistan) In FATA, the literacy rate is deplorable constituting 29.5% in males and 3% in females
• 7. Gender discrimination: primary school ratio of boys & girls which is 10:4 respectively. lack of technical education the allocation of funds for education are very low. It is only 1.5 to 2.0 percent of the total GDP. Untrained and non professional teachers
• 8. Solution Govt. should take following measures: Increase education budget Establish more schools and appoint qualified and trained teachers . Technical education must be given to all the classes. Promote primary education
• 9. Terrorism Pakistan plays a key and highly conflicted--role in the global war on terror. Today terrorism is threatening the very roots and fabric of Pakistan’s nationhood. More tragically, terrorism in Pakistan draws its justification from the very faith which provides the country its ideological bases.
• 10. Reason The major causes of Terrorism in Pakistan are: 1- Political Instability 2- Economic Conditions 3- Standard of Living 4- Religious Extremism
• 11.  
• 12. Solution The real solution is to kill the root of Terrorism and systematically change the attitude of those people’s who are involved in terrorism - Military operations against terrorists are also very ncessary. Education, Justice, Pour politics can stop the Terrorism ..
• 13. Contd… Preventing and resolving conflicts with Talibans and other religious groups. Strengthening the protection of weak targets. A fully demarcated border with Afghanistan which will prevent the foreign intrusion in the country.
• 14. The government should enter into serious negotiations with Washington on the issues of drone attacks so that our sovereignty should be preserved as we reserve the right to undertake actions on our own land. A concrete time-table of withdrawal from Afghanistan needs to be announced by the U.S led forces
• 15. Water Crisis We are facing the crisis of water nowadays. The increase in demand due to population growth, and infrequent rainfall, is aggravating the situation day by day . Insufficient no. of reservior is also one of the cause of water crisis. Perpetual silting of water reservoirs, lakes, canals, rivers and waterways is one of the major reasons of shrinking water storage capacity.
• 16. Solution The problem has now reached a critical decision-making stage. There are two obvious solutions to the problem: 1. Make new water reservoirs to make up for the depleting capacity of old reservoirs, as well as to cater for increase in demand. 2. Maintain the storage capacity of old reservoirs. Make new reservoirs only to meet the requirement of additional demand.
• 17. Food Crisis The world’s financial experts have placed Pakistan on a list of 36 countries that face a serious food crisis it has two sides; one is unavailability of edibles and second is soaring prices due to gap in demand and supply of edibles.

Social Problems and their Solutions

• 1. Social Problems of Pakistan and Their Solutions By Najmunnisa Siddiqui
• 2. Social Problems of Pakistan Poverty Illiteracy Terrorism Food and water crisis Population growth Poor health facilities Internal and international migration Discrimination of Sex democracy in shape of dictatorship unloyal leaders
• 3. Foregin debt Child labor Deviant behavior discourage the rules of law from government representatives inflation Injustice Smuggling Drug abuse
• 4. Illiteracy Introduction of the problem: Education is considered as the cheapest defense of a nation The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan says, “The state of Pakistan shall remove illiteracy and provide free and compulsory secondary education within minimum possible period.”
• 5. Contd…. Literacy rate: 49.9% educated populace ( Human development Report Pakistan) placed at 136th position for having just. The primary completion rate in Pakistan, given by Date Center of  UNESCO, is 33.8% in females and 47.18% in males, which shows that people in the 6th largest country of the world are unable to get the basic education
• 6. Reason : Unequal education system Different medium of instruction in Public and private sector Regional disparity (standard of education varies in different provinces of Pakistan) In FATA, the literacy rate is deplorable constituting 29.5% in males and 3% in females
• 7. Gender discrimination: primary school ratio of boys & girls which is 10:4 respectively. lack of technical education the allocation of funds for education are very low. It is only 1.5 to 2.0 percent of the total GDP. Untrained and non professional teachers
• 8. Solution Govt. should take following measures: Increase education budget Establish more schools and appoint qualified and trained teachers . Technical education must be given to all the classes. Promote primary education
• 9. Terrorism Pakistan plays a key and highly conflicted--role in the global war on terror. Today terrorism is threatening the very roots and fabric of Pakistan’s nationhood. More tragically, terrorism in Pakistan draws its justification from the very faith which provides the country its ideological bases.
• 10. Reason The major causes of Terrorism in Pakistan are: 1- Political Instability 2- Economic Conditions 3- Standard of Living 4- Religious Extremism
• 11.  
• 12. Solution The real solution is to kill the root of Terrorism and systematically change the attitude of those people’s who are involved in terrorism - Military operations against terrorists are also very ncessary. Education, Justice, Pour politics can stop the Terrorism ..
• 13. Contd… Preventing and resolving conflicts with Talibans and other religious groups. Strengthening the protection of weak targets. A fully demarcated border with Afghanistan which will prevent the foreign intrusion in the country.
• 14. The government should enter into serious negotiations with Washington on the issues of drone attacks so that our sovereignty should be preserved as we reserve the right to undertake actions on our own land. A concrete time-table of withdrawal from Afghanistan needs to be announced by the U.S led forces
• 15. Water Crisis We are facing the crisis of water nowadays. The increase in demand due to population growth, and infrequent rainfall, is aggravating the situation day by day . Insufficient no. of reservior is also one of the cause of water crisis. Perpetual silting of water reservoirs, lakes, canals, rivers and waterways is one of the major reasons of shrinking water storage capacity.
• 16. Solution The problem has now reached a critical decision-making stage. There are two obvious solutions to the problem: 1. Make new water reservoirs to make up for the depleting capacity of old reservoirs, as well as to cater for increase in demand. 2. Maintain the storage capacity of old reservoirs. Make new reservoirs only to meet the requirement of additional demand.
• 17. Food Crisis The world’s financial experts have placed Pakistan on a list of 36 countries that face a serious food crisis it has two sides; one is unavailability of edibles and second is soaring prices due to gap in demand and supply of edibles.

Poverty

                      

Zahoor Hussain Javed*,   **Aysha Asif

 * Assistant Professor, ** M.Phil Scholar Department of Economics, GC University, Faisalabad,

 Email: zahoorhj64@yahoo.com

Cell# 0092-3006501785

Fax # 0092-41-9200671

Abstract:

The study investigates relationship between poverty and role of feminine headed families. The binary Logistic regression and mean techniques are used to find the factors that influence the level of poverty.  Even though, mean variables analysis shows that total monthly income and consumption of the family are insignificant but there is no differentiation sandwiched between means of both variables of guy headed families and feminine headed families. Total value of assets own by family for feminine headed families and guy headed families are significant and there difference between means of both variables of guy headed families and feminine headed families.  In addition, the consequences of binary logistic regression model demonstrate that education has the accurate predictable sign but is not significant. The probabilities of the household show that poverty increase with boost of family size and consumption expenditures and decrease with increase of income and employment. Furthermore study explores that there is negative and significant relation between head of family and poverty. Feminine headed families are more liable toward poverty than guy headed families, this is so because feminine head                                                    families support more dependants and have better propensity to kids compared to another sort of families.

Key words: Feminine family, headship, poverty, Faisalabad, Pakistan

Introduction:

            This research investigates that women are poor as compare to men, owing to raise of feminine headed families, inequality of sexual characteristics, and restriction to access of land ownership, restriction to get education and in other productive activities. Furthermore, the raise of involvement of women in the in formalized economomics activities, create conflicts among the families and other relatives. Consequently, well-being of females is affected negatively and they sustain poor (Chant 1997; Bridge 2001; Moghadam, 2005).

Globally, it is acknowledged that feminine heads of families are on the increase and higher poverty rates among these families (Buvinic et. aI., 1978; Folbre, 1991; Fields and Casper, 2001). The greater parts of the women are faced the problems of poverty and they can not settle down their problems individually. In the Asia over the past two decades, the poverty among women has been increased at large scale in spite of economic pay back by developing countries. The same level of nutrition, satisfactions, pleasure, health, education, employment and access to productive resources are not enjoyed by women as men do. The policies regarding alleviation of poverty and infrastructures programmes are repeatedly formulated on the foundation of the household as the unit of assessment; therefore, the analysis of poverty in feminine headed families focuses on the household level, rather than the individual level. Thus feminine headed families do not exclude the men living in these families (Fuwa 1999; Judithand Lloyd 1992; Quisumbing et al. 1995).

In Pakistan, the information regarding poverty of women is quite inadequate and not much explores the status about feminine-headed families. Pakistan is generally a patriarchal society. Nonetheless, feminine headship has also acquired some visibility, apparently, as a residual category.  In Pakistan percentage distribution of families by gender headship is 6.4% feminine headed and 93.6% guy headed in the year of 2006-07 and 9% feminine headed families and 91% guy headed families in the year of 2007-8[1].  Total labour force participation is 70.2% from which 70.2% men and 22.8% women in the year of 2007-08. Total 8.14 million people in Punjab employed from which 7.20 million guys and only 0.94 million feminine are employed[2].  Total 56.6 % respondents had no personal income from which 33.3 % are guys and 78.7 % are feminine; in Punjab total 62.2% respondents had no personal income from which 37.5% were guys and 84.9% were feminine.[3]

Few research questions regarding feminine headed families and guy headed families are constructed as.

H₁₌ what are the reasons for the pervasiveness of feminine headed families;

H_{2 =} what are the reasons of the poverty of families; 

H_{3 = Why} feminine headed families are poor then gentleman headed families;

H_{4 =} are feminine headed families poorer because their low level of education, occupation, income, physical infrastructures, dependence ratio or any other reason.

The answers of these research questions are examined the status of poverty in feminine headed families and   guy headed families.

In this research investigation feminine headed families are defined as those feminine of families where no adult guys are present owing to separation, disconnection, immigration, non exodus or widow or any other grounds and facts.  This research defines head of families in economic rather than cultural terms. That is why a person is regard as head of families if he or she has major economic responsibility for his family because use of the typical UN description describes the unacceptable consequences that there are no feminine heads of families among married women at all. More clearly, the four types of economic household tasks, which qualifies women as head of the families. They are described as below:

 Category 1. In this type feminine has the full economic responsibility for her family due to non availability of adult guy members;

Category 2. Only the women in the family are wage earner;     

Category 3.  In the family feminine earnings is more than that of any other guy or feminine;     

Category 4. Wages of every one feminine in the family go over the joint earnings of all guys in the family. (Mohiuddin. Y, 1989)

The foremost purpose of this paper is to find that; either there is any remarkable relation between feminine headed families and poverty or not.

Review of Literature:

 Feminine headed families have been a foremost unit of analysis in the literature. The research investigates that guy-headed household are rich as compare to feminine-headed families.

This is so because guy-headed families as superior access to employment and having higher earning capabilities, by professional segregation, sexual characteristics, wages discrepancy and job oppturtunities.   Moreover, females have a greater tendency to encompass children as well as the burden of more dependents to support. (Roosenhouse1989, ILO 1996, Bridge1997, Fuwa1999). Previous study in this regard depicts that women more or less everywhere are deprived relative to men in their access to resources, credit, employment, and education. These disadvantages are primarily caused by their low qualifications which lead them to be segregated into unskilled and low paid job as well as lower economic status. Additionally, the heads of feminine-headed household in certain categories, namely, widowed, separated or divorced are unable to provide significant economic support to their household and therefore it is more difficult to attain the identical height of wellbeing as achieved in guy-headed families Consequently, it is often supposed that feminine-headed families are poorer than guy-headed families, (Folbre, 1991; United Nations, 1996; World Bank, 2001; Busapathumrong, 2006; Joshi, 2004).  Poverty: both in terms of returns and everyday expenditure have amplified in Pakistan. The frequency of poverty has increased amongst the feminine headed families as match up to to guy headed families The foremost grounds for present boost in poverty  owing to slight assembly of human capital, less approach to manual labor market and resources, injustice inside and outside dwelling, socio-cultural manners, and egotism of macroeconomic strategies to sexual characteristics issues. This research investigates that education above the primary level is significantly influenced worth, returns and reduced poverty level of the family. The results of logit regression model demonstrate that poverty is considerably associated with the schooling, level of employment, asset possession and professional selection Siddiqui, and Hamid, (2003).

As mentioned above, most studies concluded that feminine headed families are poor when compare with guy-headed families. Nevertheless, some studies shows that feminine headed families are not at all times worse off than guy headed families. For instance, a study in Vietnam found that feminine-headed families are not worse off economically than guy-headed families. The case of Vietnam suggests that feminine headship families are not the poorest families (Loi, 1996).

Appleton (1996) suggested that feminine-headed families in Uganda are less poor than guy-headed counterparts. Senada and Sergio (2007) investigate feminine-headed families are more susceptible to poverty in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Using yearly per capita consumption expenditure measure of poverty, they do not find any support for this claim.  Employing probit and logit estimations, the results from the analysis provide evidence that the relationship between feminine headed families and poverty depends on the choice of poverty measure. Specifically, poverty measures based on the housing condition and the wealth catalog show that feminine-headed families are less poor than guy-headed families. However, based on the standard of living index measure of poverty, feminine-headed families are marginally poorer than their guy-headed counterparts. Overall, the results do not provide evidence to support the claim that feminine-headed families are any poorer than guy-headed families and that they require special assistance (Ram Prasad, 2009). The various studies show that there is significant and positive association between feminine headed families and poverty (Buvinic and Gupta 1997 cited in Bridge 1995; Fuwa 1999; Joshi 2004). The results reported in study reveal that poverty, both in terms of POPI or and returns/spending, have augmented in Pakistan. The occurrence of poverty is also higher among the feminine headed families as compared to guy headed families (Siddiqui.R and Shahnaz .H, 2003). It is suggested that the high frequency of poverty in feminine headed families is occurred because of: these families have lesser returns, or lesser number of earners who earns wages than guy headed families. Furthermore, the feminine headed families have large number of children which cause to raises poverty ( Barros, Fox and Mendonca, 1997; Wood, 2000; Snyder and McLaughlin, 2004). Chaudhry (2003) and Awan et al. (2008). The results of the Awan et. al. (2008) give you an idea about that education is negatively linked with poverty and probability of poverty of employed person decreased significantly with the increase in education attainment. It is found that professional education reduced the chances of falling below poverty line by 99 percent as compared to primary education. He also concluded that feminines are more deprived and facing hardship in pulling themselves out of poverty as compare to men due to their unequal education and employment status.

Chaudhry (2003) measured education variable with the help of education codes. Education codes were in the farm of 0, 5 and 10 where 0 was assigned to illiterate members, 5 for educated up to secondary level and 10 up to college university level. Sum of these points was divided by the household size. This may lead to measurement bias. There existed a wide gap between illiteracy and secondary education. It would be better to approximate education in educational years. However, findings revealed that education codes were also negatively related with poverty.

Data and Methodology:

            The central point of this study is to detect the association between poverty and role of feminine headed families. Owing to lack of resources like money and valuable resources, the investigation of research is focused only and only to District Faisalabad. Regarding the nature of study primary data source is utilized. There are five Thesils in District Faisalabad, which is based on five Thesils. From these tehsils, two Tehsil namely Faisalabad and Tehsil Jaranwala are selected for investigation. Data is collected by simple random method. A complete interview agenda is organized to attain its objectives and goals. The randomly data is collected by survey of household of 80 feminine headed and guy headed families from recommended thesils. The investigator gets interview of every one of the respondents personally. The researcher togetherness information of all households as a whole, such as personal profile, education, marital status, family size, occupation, health facilities, employment, family income, consumption, status of house, and saving activities. In this regards Logistic Regression Analysis technique is used to find the required results.

   Level of age of the family head, sexual characteristics of the family head, schooling, and dependency ratio, level of family income and level of family spending are taken as exogenous variables. The level of age of family head is calculated on year's basis.  The family head's sexual characteristics is determined   as qualitative variable that is gender (guy = 1, feminine = 0).  Education is taken in form two dummies. Endogenous and earners variables are calculated on basis of the number of persons who earn in a family.

In the framework of logistic regression assessment, endogenous variables have the value of zero for not deprived families and 1 for deprived families.  As a result, O.L.S. cannot use to estimate the analysis of parameters thus; the maximum likelihood method is used for estimation. Conventionally, qualitative models are used to detect the results: They are based on: (1) logit technique (b) probability approach (c) probit approach. The Linear probability approach provides heteroscedasticity trouble and there is no assurance that probability will lie sandwiched between 0 and 1. The most significant thing is that in this representation probability is linearly associated with exogenous variables. Logit and probit techniques are used to shun from this problem. In these techniques probability remained between 0 and 1.  However, probability is not linearly associated with exogenous variables. Probit model is more sensitive for normality assumption whereas logit model supposes that it has logistic sharing. In nut shell, logit technique is employed in the this research to get required results_(Javed.et.al, 2011).

The Logistic Model:

The logistic model relates the independent variable, X, to the rolling mean of the dependent variable   Y. The formula may be written as;

Y = e ^{c  +  d X} / 1+ e ^{c  +  d}

^or

Y =  1/ 1+ e - ^{c  +  d X}

  Where P is the probability of a 1, the mean of Y), e is the base of the natural logarithm c and d are called the parameters. The value of c provides Y when X is zero and d shows adjustment when one unit changes take place in X and b weights in logistic regression. Because the relation between X and Y is nonlinear, therefore d does not have a clear-cut explanation in this model.

In logistic regression, the dependent variable is a logit, which is the natural log of the odds, that is,

Ln (odds) = logit ( Y) = Log( Y/1-Y)

So a logit is a log of odds and odds are a function of P, the probability of a 1. In logistic regression, it can be found out

Logit (Y) = c + dX

logit(P) = a + bX,

This is supposed to be linear, that is, the logit is guessed to be linearly related to X,. As a result there is an ordinary regression hidden in there. Nevertheless, in theory ordinary regression with logits as   dependent variable,  

Ln (Y/1-Y) = c + d X

Y/ 1-Y =  e ^{c  +  d X}

 Y = e ^{c  +  d X/ 1 +} e ^{c  +  d X}

The simple probability is this unattractive equation. If log logits are linearly related to X, then the relation between X and Y is nonlinear (Gujarati, 2004).

Results and Discussion:

Table 1 revealed the test for comparison of means of total income of the family per month (Rs.), consumption of the family per month (Rs.), worth of property possess by family (Rs.),  gold 's worth hold by family (Rs.), vehicle's worth possess by family (Rs.), equipment's worth  own by family (Rs.) for feminine headed families and guy headed families.

Table 1: Comparison of Means of Selected Variables for Female Headed Families and Male- Headed Families.

Variables		Mean	t-stat	Sig.
Monthly income of the family (Rs.)	feminine headed	15590.00	-1.991**	.051
	Guy headed	24442.50
Consumption of the family per month(Rs.)	feminine headed	13476.00	-1.457	.150
	Guy headed	16355.00
Property worth possessby family (Rs.)	feminine headed	605800.00	1.497	.139
	Guy headed	377500.00
Worth of gold possess by family(Rs.)	feminine headed	40590.00	-2.525***	.014
	Guy headed	127050.00
Worth of vehicle possess by family(Rs.)	feminine headed	37640.00	-2.025**	.047
	Guy headed	147950.08
Total worth of piece of equipments possess by family(Rs.)	feminine headed	28656.00	-2.118**	.038
	Guy headed	46005.00

  ***=1 percent level of significance, **=5 percent level of significance*=10 percent level of significance

Test of  Hypothesis: 

Assumption No.1

Ho = There is no difference of means of family’s monthly income for guy headed families against feminine headed families

H₁ = There is difference of means of family’s monthly income for guy headed families versus feminine headed families

The proposition is examined through the family’s monthly income of the family heads. It is found that the mean value of monthly income of the family of feminine headed families is higher and significant, so there is significant difference between means family’s total monthly income of feminine headed and guy headed families.

Assumption No.2

Ho = There is no difference of means of monthly consumption expenditure of guy headed families against feminine headed families.

H₁ = There is difference of means of monthly consumption expenditure of guy headed families against feminine headed families.

The proposition is examined through the monthly consumption expenditure of the heads. It is found that the mean value of monthly consumption of the family of guy headed families is higher than female headed families but not significant, so there is no difference between means of total monthly family consumption expenditure of guy headed and feminine headed families.

Assumption No.3

Ho = There is no difference of means of total family’s worth of property of feminine headed families against guy headed families.

H₁ = There is difference of means of total family’s worth of property of feminine headed families against guy headed families.

The proposition is tested through the total family’s worth of property of the heads. It is found that the mean of total value of property own by family of the family of feminine headed families is higher and insignificant, so there is no difference between means of total value of property own by family of feminine headed and guy headed families.

Assumption No.4

Ho = There is no difference of means of total family’s worth of gold of guy headed families against feminine headed families.

H₁ = There is difference of means of total family’s worth of gold of feminine headed families versus guy headed families.

The proposition is tested through the total family’s worth of gold of the heads. It is found that the mean of total value of property own by family of guy headed families is higher and significant, so there is difference between means of value of gold own by family of feminine headed and guy headed families.

Assumption No.5

Ho = There is no difference of means of total family’s worth of automobile equipments of guy headed families versus feminine headed families.

H₁ = There is difference of means of total family’s worth of automobile equipments of guy headed families against feminine headed families.

The hypothesis is tested through the total family’s worth of automobile equipments of the heads. It is investigated that gay headed families have higher mean  of total value of automobiles equipments than female headed families and significant, so there is difference exist between means of total worth of automobiles equipments own by family of guy headed and feminine headed families.

Assumption No.6

Ho = There is no difference of means of whole family’s worth of appliances of guy headed families against feminine headed families.

H₁ = There is difference of means of total family’s worth of appliances of feminine headed families against guy headed families.

The proposition is tested through the means of total value of price of equipments hold by family of the heads. It is found that the mean of total family’s electrical devices value of guy headed families is higher and significant, so there is difference between means total family’s worth of appliances of guy headed and feminine headed families.

Binary  Logistic  Regression  Analysis:

 The results of Logistic Regression in the regard of the Poverty are presented for feminine and guy-headed families in Table 2.

The exogenous variables are:

X₁= Head of the family's age (in years)

X₂ = Head of the family's education (in years);

X₃ = Level family income

X₄ = Level of consumption

 X₅ =Location (=town, 0 = otherwise)

X_{6 =} Level of family size

 X₇ = status of headship (= 1 if guy headed, 0 = otherwise).

Table 2: Determinants of Poverty: A family Analysis

                     Results of Binary Logistic Regression Analysis

Variables	Coefficients	S.E	Sig.	Exp(B)
Age	0.056	0.051	0.274	1.057
Education	- 0.014	0.095	0.884	0.986
Place	-0.948	1.064	0.373	0.388
Log of Family Income	-26.72**	8.713	0.002	0
Log of consumption	23.759***	8.317	0.005	2.08E+10
Family Size	1.86***	0.554	0.001	6.427
Headship	2.539**	1.203	0.035	12.667

 Endogenous Variable = assumed the value of 1 if poor and 0 otherwise.

 ***Indicates that the coefficients were significant at 1 percent level.

 **Indicates that the coefficients were significant at 5 percent level.

 * Indicates that the coefficients were significant at 10 percent level.

Endogenous variable has the value of 1 for a family who lives below poverty line and 0 otherwise.  In this research family head’s age of the family head’s sexual characteristics, the family head’s education level, size of family, returns of family and spending of family are used as exogenous variables. Outcomes indicated that family returns, spending, education, dependency ratio and headship status are significant in determination of poverty. The research analysis reports show that schooling and family returns are negatively related with the probability of poverty.

There is negative relationship between dependency ratio and poverty as the dependency ratio increase the poverty decreases. There was negative relationship between volume of family returns and poverty as family returns increase the poverty decrease. This study shows positive relationship between level of consumption of the family and poverty. As well as monthly consumption of the family increases the probability of poverty also increases.  

Education attainment of the household head asserted negative relationship with the probability of poverty. Probability of poverty among sampled families decreased with the increase in educational years of household heads. Thus poverty is less in a household where the head completes primary education or above than in one where he or she is illiterate. The results of this study match up with the findings of

The variable age possessed the correct expected sign but is not significant. In many families there was more than 1 earner so age of the household head may not matter so much.

It was concluded that families with guy head, educated heads, higher dependency ratio, sufficient family income and controlled consumption were less likely to be poor.

Conclusion:

            The study is based on feminine headed families and their association with poverty. Compare mean analysis and logistic model are used to detect the association. Compare mean is used for difference variables to compare their means. Significance level is checked by T-test. The factors that affect the probability of poverty are tested by the binary the logistic regression. In compare mean analysis the family’s whole monthly returns (Rs.), the family’s whole monthly consumption (Rs.) are insignificant and there is no disparity between means of both variables of feminine headed families and guy headed families. Family’s total value of property (Rs.), family’s whole worth of gold (Rs.), family’s whole worth of automobile equipments (Rs.),  family’s whole worth of electronics equipments (Rs.) for  feminine headed families and guy headed families were significant and there is  disparity exist between means of both variables of guy headed families and  feminine headed families. 

  The outcome of binary logistic model demonstrated that the level of age and level of education variables have the accurate predictable sign but these are not significant. In abundant families there is more than 1 earner. The probabilities of the family on the subject of the poverty increase with size of family, and level of consumption. The probability of the family regarding with the decrease of poverty is associated with augment of income and employment. There is negative and significant relation between worth of head of household and poverty. Feminine headed families are extra vulnerable in the direction of poverty than guy headed families. Feminine headed families are not as good as because they prop up more dependants, i.e. have a upper ratio of unemployed persons and a larger propensity to have children. Furthermore, feminine heads have fewer assets, inferior access to remunerative jobs a lower earning capacity possibly caused by occupational isolation, gender earnings discrepancy and unemployment, and productive resources than guy-headed ones.

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[1] Source: Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2006-07 and 2007-08.

[2] Labour Force Survey, FBS. 2006-.7 and 2007-08.

[3] Source: Time Use Survey 2007, FBS.